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  1. AD 1493–1550s
    Native peoples begin dying from European diseases
    Diseases unknown to them spread rapidly among Native peoples, who lack immunity to viruses and bacteria ...
  2. AD 1501
    Portuguese explorer kidnaps northeastern Native peoples
    Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real abducts two shiploads of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and other peoples ...
  3. AD 1520–24
    Mid-Atlantic coast peoples meet foreign explorer
    On the Atlantic coast, Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Lenape (Delaware) peoples encounter Giovanni da Verrazano, ...
  4. AD 1520–62
    ‘Virgin-soil’ epidemics devastate Native populations
    “Virgin-soil” epidemics sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious ...
  5. 1761
    First known influenza pandemic from the Americas begins
    Influenza is one of the diseases that Europeans brought to the New World. Unlike previous influenza ...
  6. 1763
    Treaty of Paris ends war; Britain claims Native lands
    England and France end the Seven Years’ War (1756–63, also called the French and Indian War). In the ...
  7. 1763
    Indian Proclamation Line ignored; settlers move west
    After the Seven Years’ War, the British Parliament creates the Indian Proclamation Line of 1763, which ...
  8. 1768
    Britain stops protecting American colonies from Native attack
    As American settlements continue to encroach on Native lands, the colonies express worry about attacks ...
  9. 1775
    Smallpox strikes again in North America
    As the American Revolution begins, epidemic smallpox spreads across North America, killing hundreds ...
  10. 1776
    American colonies accuse Britain of inciting Native insurrections
    Enumerating the colonies’ grievances against Britain, the Declaration of Independence charges that King ...
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