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  1. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  2. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  3. 1834
    Mexico denies return of mission lands to Chumash
    In California, the Mexican government frees the Chumash, who had been enslaved by the Spanish in California ...
  4. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  5. 1848
    California Gold Rush brings miners and diseases
    Some people from the Miwok, Maidu, and Nissenan tribes help James Marshall dig a millrace at Sutter’ ...
  6. 1854
    ‘Red men will be numbered with the dead,’ physicians state
    The American physicians Josiah Nott and George Gliddon theorize in their book Types of Mankind that ...
  7. 1860
    California Native population plummets after Gold Rush
    Diseases brought by gold prospectors, along with the violence that miners commit against Native peoples, ...
  8. 1867
    Violent settlers speed demise of northern California tribe
    The Yana, a small tribe of about 1,900 living in the Sacramento River valley in northern California, ...
  9. 1879
    U.S. assigns health care at boarding schools
    The Office of Indian Affairs, recognizing that epidemics are decimating boarding school student populations, ...
  10. 1887
    Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death in Indian Country
    A U.S. study of tuberculosis deaths among Indians on reservations in 13 states finds that the rate of ...
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