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  1. 1831
    Supreme Court rules Indian nations not subject to state law
    The second of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  2. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  3. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  4. 1846
    After the Mexican War, doctors reach western tribes
    The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War (1846–48) between the U.S. and Mexico. The agreement ...
  5. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  6. 1849
    Indian Affairs moves to Interior Department; U.S. approach to tribes shifts
    Signaling a change in approach toward Native peoples, the federal government moves the Office of Indian ...
  7. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  8. 1851
    Roads and railroads move into the West
    The federal government pays to survey land for roads and railroads across the West. Easier access encourages ...
  9. 1854
    ‘Red men will be numbered with the dead,’ physicians state
    The American physicians Josiah Nott and George Gliddon theorize in their book Types of Mankind that ...
  10. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
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