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  1. 1831
    Supreme Court rules Indian nations not subject to state law
    The second of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  2. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  3. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  4. 1846
    U.S and Britain set 49th Parallel as U.S.–Canada border
    The U.S. negotiates with Britain to end a Canadian border dispute. Tribes are not consulted as the 49th ...
  5. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  6. 1849
    Indian Affairs moves to Interior Department; U.S. approach to tribes shifts
    Signaling a change in approach toward Native peoples, the federal government moves the Office of Indian ...
  7. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  8. 1854
    ‘Red men will be numbered with the dead,’ physicians state
    The American physicians Josiah Nott and George Gliddon theorize in their book Types of Mankind that ...
  9. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  10. 1865
    Indian Country is as divided as the U.S. in Civil War
    About 20,000 American Indians join the Union Army or Confederate Army during the U.S. Civil War. Two ...
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