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  1. 1831
    Supreme Court rules Indian nations not subject to state law
    The second of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  2. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  3. 1846
    After the Mexican War, doctors reach western tribes
    The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War (1846–48) between the U.S. and Mexico. The agreement ...
  4. 1849
    Indian Affairs moves to Interior Department; U.S. approach to tribes shifts
    Signaling a change in approach toward Native peoples, the federal government moves the Office of Indian ...
  5. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  6. 1853
    At Tejon Reservation, Native gatherers told to farm
    Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California Edward F. Beale orders the creation of five reservations ...
  7. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  8. 1865
    Indian Country is as divided as the U.S. in Civil War
    About 20,000 American Indians join the Union Army or Confederate Army during the U.S. Civil War. Two ...
  9. 1868
    President Grant advances “Peace Policy” with tribes
    President Ulysses S. Grant advances a “Peace Policy” to remove corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, ...
  10. 1868
    Fort Laramie Treaty promises to provide health care, services
    A treaty signed at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, promises that the U.S. will provide a physician, teachers, ...
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