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  1. 1831
    Ka‘ahumanu orders Catholic missionaries out of Hawai‘i
    Queen Ka‘ahumanu forces Catholic missionaries to leave or be imprisoned. Ka‘ahumanu, who has fought ...
  2. 1840
    Hawaiian Constitution established
    Kamehameha III, along with the Council of Chiefs and a group of Western advisors, establishes Hawai‘ ...
  3. 1843
    Hawai‘i’s independence recognized
    Great Britain and France sign a reciprocal agreement in which both nations formally recognize the independence ...
  4. 1859
    Queen’s Hospital established to protect ‘Hawaiian race’
    King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma are concerned about the decline of the Native Hawaiian population ...
  5. 1884
    Hawaiian children promised education
    Bernice Pauahi Bishop establishes the second Ali‘i Trust upon her death in October. Pauahi, the great- ...
  6. 1890
    Queen Kapi‘olani opens maternity home
    Concerned about Hawaiian infant mortality and maternal health, the queen raises $8,000 by holding a luau ...
  7. 1891
    Hawai‘i’s last monarch is crowned
    King Kalakaua dies. Princess Liliu‘okalani, the last of nine heirs to the throne, succeeds him. She ...
  8. 1896
    Hawaiian language restricted
    Republic of Hawai‘i lawmakers demand that students in both public and private schools be taught only ...
  9. 1898
    U.S. annexes Hawai‘i; seizes land; suppresses healers
    The U.S. annexes Hawai‘i and seizes royal and government lands. Launching aggressive assimilation policies, ...
  10. 1900
    Native Hawaiians oppose U.S. annexation
    Nearly half the Native Hawaiians sign a petition to Congress opposing annexation. Liliu‘okalani, the ...
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