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  1. 1831
    The Removal Act affects Choctaw first
    The Removal Act that President Andrew Jackson pressed through Congress becomes a reality as the Choctaw ...
  2. 1832
    Some Seminoles, Creeks evade U.S. forced relocation
    When the U.S., enforcing the Removal Act, coerces many Seminoles to march to Indian Territory (which ...
  3. 1834
    Muscogee Creek are forced out of Alabama
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the remaining 20,000 Muscogee Creek from Alabama to Indian ...
  4. 1837
    Chickasaw are removed to Indian Territory
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the Chickasaw from Mississippi, Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee, ...
  5. 1838
    Cherokee die on Trail of Tears
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes approximately 17,000 Cherokee to Indian Territory (which ...
  6. 1846
    After the Mexican War, doctors reach western tribes
    The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War (1846–48) between the U.S. and Mexico. The agreement ...
  7. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  8. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  9. 1865
    Civil War general Stand Watie, Cherokee, surrenders last
    The Cherokee chief Stand Watie is the last Confederate general to surrender in the Civil War. Watie’ ...
  10. 1870
    U.S. requires Alaska Commercial Company to hire Unangan (Aleut)
    The U.S. government awards the Alaska Commercial Company an exclusive lease to hunt fur seals on the ...
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