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1831 Supreme Court rules Indian nations not subject to state law The second of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ... |
1832 U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ... |
1833 Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ... |
1848 Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ... |
1849 Indian Affairs moves to Interior Department; U.S. approach to tribes shifts Signaling a change in approach toward Native peoples, the federal government moves the Office of Indian ... |
1851 Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ... |
1854 ‘Red men will be numbered with the dead,’ physicians state The American physicians Josiah Nott and George Gliddon theorize in their book Types of Mankind that ... |
1861–65 Tribes react to the American Civil War Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ... |
1865 Indian Country is as divided as the U.S. in Civil War About 20,000 American Indians join the Union Army or Confederate Army during the U.S. Civil War. Two ... |
1868 President Grant advances “Peace Policy” with tribes President Ulysses S. Grant advances a “Peace Policy” to remove corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, ... |