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  1. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  2. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  3. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  4. 1854
    ‘Red men will be numbered with the dead,’ physicians state
    The American physicians Josiah Nott and George Gliddon theorize in their book Types of Mankind that ...
  5. 1879
    U.S. assigns health care at boarding schools
    The Office of Indian Affairs, recognizing that epidemics are decimating boarding school student populations, ...
  6. 1887
    Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death in Indian Country
    A U.S. study of tuberculosis deaths among Indians on reservations in 13 states finds that the rate of ...
  7. 1890
    Native population plunges
    In the U.S., Native population falls to an all-time low. The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people— ...
  8. 1898
    Indian Medical Association forms and dissolves
    Medical doctors form the Indian Medical Association to advocate for American Indian health care in the ...
  9. 1898
    Boarding-school epidemics sicken students and kill many
    The superintendent of the Fort Hall Industrial Boarding School in Idaho, George Gregory, advises in ...
  10. 1898
    Milk served to Indian students to ward off tuberculosis
    The Office of Indian Affairs issues rules for food service at off-reservation boarding schools: “good, ...
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