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  1. AD 1493–1550s
    Native peoples begin dying from European diseases
    Diseases unknown to them spread rapidly among Native peoples, who lack immunity to viruses and bacteria ...
  2. AD 1520–62
    ‘Virgin-soil’ epidemics devastate Native populations
    “Virgin-soil” epidemics sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious ...
  3. 1761
    First known influenza pandemic from the Americas begins
    Influenza is one of the diseases that Europeans brought to the New World. Unlike previous influenza ...
  4. 1775
    Smallpox strikes again in North America
    As the American Revolution begins, epidemic smallpox spreads across North America, killing hundreds ...
  5. 1780
    Smallpox epidemics strike Mexico and the Great Plains
    For two years, smallpox spreads from Mexico north and throughout the Great Plains, killing many members ...
  6. 1802
    An estimated 150,000 dead at Ne-cha-co-lee, a Chinook city
    The expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark arrives at a Chinook village in Oregon that ...
  7. 1829–33
    Northwest tribes tell of smallpox arrival
    Oral histories describe sailors from a ship from Chile handing out gifts to make peace and encourage ...
  8. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  9. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  10. 1834
    Priest gains Tlingit support by offering vaccinations
    The Russian Orthodox priest, Father Veniaminov, moves from the Aleutians to Sitka. He is at first unpopular ...
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