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  1. 1789
    The Northwest Ordinance guarantees tribal land rights
    Congress ratifies the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, creating the first organized territory of the United ...
  2. 1794
    Battle of Fallen Timbers opens Northwest Territory to settlement
    President George Washington assigns General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to build several forts between the Ohio ...
  3. 1812
    Cherokee and Choctow hope for long-term U.S. alliance
    As the U.S. and Britain fight the War of 1812 on fronts from Mexico to Canada, tribes seek strategic ...
  4. 1813
    Tecumseh’s vision of unity dies; U.S. invades northwest tribal lands
    While the British colonel Henry Proctor and his troops, including some American Indians, retreat into ...
  5. 1817
    U.S. frontier advances, pushing Native peoples westward
    All along its western border, the U.S. presses for more land to accommodate the expanding nation. To ...
  6. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  7. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  8. 1870
    Education promised to tribes is funded
    Congress earmarks the first federal funds for the education of Indians. Education, like health care, ...
  9. 1872
    General Mining Act gives rise to the taking of tribal lands
    President Ulysses S. Grant signs the General Mining Act into law, allowing individuals and corporations ...
  10. 1887
    U.S. subdivides reservation land; sells off surplus
    Congress passes the General Allotment Act, better known as the Dawes Severalty Act, which divides reservations ...
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