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  1. 1831
    Ka‘ahumanu orders Catholic missionaries out of Hawai‘i
    Queen Ka‘ahumanu forces Catholic missionaries to leave or be imprisoned. Ka‘ahumanu, who has fought ...
  2. 1834
    Mexico denies return of mission lands to Chumash
    In California, the Mexican government frees the Chumash, who had been enslaved by the Spanish in California ...
  3. 1840
    Hawaiian Constitution established
    Kamehameha III, along with the Council of Chiefs and a group of Western advisors, establishes Hawai‘ ...
  4. 1842–50s
    Russian-American Company compels medical treatment of Native women
    Russian traders have forced Alaska women into prostitution for decades. When syphilis spreads in New ...
  5. 1843
    Hawai‘i’s independence recognized
    Great Britain and France sign a reciprocal agreement in which both nations formally recognize the independence ...
  6. 1846
    U.S and Britain set 49th Parallel as U.S.–Canada border
    The U.S. negotiates with Britain to end a Canadian border dispute. Tribes are not consulted as the 49th ...
  7. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  8. 1859
    Queen’s Hospital established to protect ‘Hawaiian race’
    King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma are concerned about the decline of the Native Hawaiian population ...
  9. 1860
    California Native population plummets after Gold Rush
    Diseases brought by gold prospectors, along with the violence that miners commit against Native peoples, ...
  10. 1864
    The Navajos begin ‘Long Walk’ to imprisonment
    In a forced removal, the U.S. Army drives the Navajo at gunpoint as they walk from their homeland in ...
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