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  1. 1769
    Spanish missions crush traditional cultural ways
    Spain establishes Mission San Diego, the first of 21 missions built along the coast of California. The ...
  2. 1819
    Congress pays missionaries to ‘civilize’ American Indians
    Congress appropriates $10,000 to pay what it calls people of “good moral character” to help the U.S. eliminate ...
  3. 1834
    Mexico denies return of mission lands to Chumash
    In California, the Mexican government frees the Chumash, who had been enslaved by the Spanish in California ...
  4. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  5. 1860
    California Native population plummets after Gold Rush
    Diseases brought by gold prospectors, along with the violence that miners commit against Native peoples, ...
  6. 1870
    First Ghost Dance movement seeks revival of cultures
    The Ghost Dance is a Native spiritual movement of hope and renewal that originates with Wodziwob, a ...
  7. 1887
    Indian Affairs Commissioner bans Native languages in schools
    Commissioner of Indian Affairs J. D. C. Atkins first bans instruction in Native languages as well as ...
  8. 1887
    U.S. subdivides reservation land; sells off surplus
    Congress passes the General Allotment Act, better known as the Dawes Severalty Act, which divides reservations ...
  9. 1889
    Yavapai doctor advocates for Indian self-determination
    The Yavapai doctor Carlos Montezuma (who was named Wassaja, “gathering” or “beckoning,” at birth) graduates ...
  10. 1897
    Indian boarding schools teach manual labor
    Commissioner of Indian Affairs William A. Jones questions the potential of Indian students to compete ...
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