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  1. 1831
    Supreme Court rules Indian nations not subject to state law
    The second of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  2. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  3. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  4. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  5. 1849
    Indian Affairs moves to Interior Department; U.S. approach to tribes shifts
    Signaling a change in approach toward Native peoples, the federal government moves the Office of Indian ...
  6. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  7. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  8. 1868
    President Grant advances “Peace Policy” with tribes
    President Ulysses S. Grant advances a “Peace Policy” to remove corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, ...
  9. 1870
    Commercialization, destruction of traditional foods hurt tribes
    Tribes across the West suffer further land loss as settlers, miners, and ranchers move into their territories. ...
  10. 1870
    Education promised to tribes is funded
    Congress earmarks the first federal funds for the education of Indians. Education, like health care, ...
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