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  1. 1831
    The Removal Act affects Choctaw first
    The Removal Act that President Andrew Jackson pressed through Congress becomes a reality as the Choctaw ...
  2. 1832
    Some Seminoles, Creeks evade U.S. forced relocation
    When the U.S., enforcing the Removal Act, coerces many Seminoles to march to Indian Territory (which ...
  3. 1834
    Muscogee Creek are forced out of Alabama
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the remaining 20,000 Muscogee Creek from Alabama to Indian ...
  4. 1837
    Chickasaw are removed to Indian Territory
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the Chickasaw from Mississippi, Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee, ...
  5. 1838
    Cherokee die on Trail of Tears
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes approximately 17,000 Cherokee to Indian Territory (which ...
  6. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  7. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  8. 1870
    Education promised to tribes is funded
    Congress earmarks the first federal funds for the education of Indians. Education, like health care, ...
  9. 1872
    General Mining Act gives rise to the taking of tribal lands
    President Ulysses S. Grant signs the General Mining Act into law, allowing individuals and corporations ...
  10. 1886
    Apache armed resistance ends; Geronimo surrenders
    Goyathlay, a powerful Apache leader, also known as Geronimo, hands his rifle to a U.S. general in surrender. ...
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