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  1. 1859
    Queen’s Hospital established to protect ‘Hawaiian race’
    King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma are concerned about the decline of the Native Hawaiian population ...
  2. 1890
    Queen Kapi‘olani opens maternity home
    Concerned about Hawaiian infant mortality and maternal health, the queen raises $8,000 by holding a luau ...
  3. 1898
    U.S. annexes Hawai‘i; seizes land; suppresses healers
    The U.S. annexes Hawai‘i and seizes royal and government lands. Launching aggressive assimilation policies, ...
  4. 1900
    Native Hawaiians oppose U.S. annexation
    Nearly half the Native Hawaiians sign a petition to Congress opposing annexation. Liliu‘okalani, the ...
  5. 1905
    Native Hawaiian healing practices are outlawed
    While the Hawaiian monarchs swung back and forth between restricting Native healers, known as kahuna , ...
  6. 1909
    Native Hawaiians lose access to Western medical care
    After Governor Walter Frear privatizes Queen’s Hospital, white physicians and businessmen gain control ...
  7. 1831
    Ka‘ahumanu orders Catholic missionaries out of Hawai‘i
    Queen Ka‘ahumanu forces Catholic missionaries to leave or be imprisoned. Ka‘ahumanu, who has fought ...
  8. 1891
    Hawai‘i’s last monarch is crowned
    King Kalakaua dies. Princess Liliu‘okalani, the last of nine heirs to the throne, succeeds him. She ...
  9. 1840
    Hawaiian Constitution established
    Kamehameha III, along with the Council of Chiefs and a group of Western advisors, establishes Hawai‘ ...
  10. 1843
    Hawai‘i’s independence recognized
    Great Britain and France sign a reciprocal agreement in which both nations formally recognize the independence ...
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