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  1. Antiquity
    Origins
    Today, all tribes tell stories of their origins. There are as many creation stories as there are tribes, ...
  2. 40,000–10,000 BC
    Homelands
    Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ...
  3. 10,000–8000 BC
    Early North American lifestyles
    Ancestors of American Indians hunt large mammals, catch fish, and gather fruits and nuts. Archaeological ...
  4. 8000 BC
    Glaciers retreat; climate changes; diets shift
    At the end of the Ice Age, many large mammals become extinct. Across the Americas, people shift away ...
  5. AD 1493–1550s
    Native peoples begin dying from European diseases
    Diseases unknown to them spread rapidly among Native peoples, who lack immunity to viruses and bacteria ...
  6. AD 1520–62
    ‘Virgin-soil’ epidemics devastate Native populations
    “Virgin-soil” epidemics sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious ...
  7. 1761
    First known influenza pandemic from the Americas begins
    Influenza is one of the diseases that Europeans brought to the New World. Unlike previous influenza ...
  8. 1775
    Smallpox strikes again in North America
    As the American Revolution begins, epidemic smallpox spreads across North America, killing hundreds ...
  9. 1787
    Congress can regulate trade with Indian tribes
    The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, permits Congress to make all laws ...
  10. 1803
    Congress orders medical care for Native peoples
    The federal government formally assigns the responsibility for providing medical care for Native peoples ...
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