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  1. Antiquity
    Origins
    Today, all tribes tell stories of their origins. There are as many creation stories as there are tribes, ...
  2. 40,000–10,000 BC
    Homelands
    Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ...
  3. 10,000–8000 BC
    Early North American lifestyles
    Ancestors of American Indians hunt large mammals, catch fish, and gather fruits and nuts. Archaeological ...
  4. 8000 BC
    Glaciers retreat; climate changes; diets shift
    At the end of the Ice Age, many large mammals become extinct. Across the Americas, people shift away ...
  5. 4000 BC
    Upper Midwest hunters return again and again to lodges
    In what is now known as Illinois, people return regularly to the same places to hunt elk, beaver, and ...
  6. AD 650–1400
    Family farms feed a metropolis at Cahokia
    At Cahokia, from 20,000 to 30,000 people of the Mississippian mound-building culture live in a 5-square- ...
  7. AD 1493–1550s
    Native peoples begin dying from European diseases
    Diseases unknown to them spread rapidly among Native peoples, who lack immunity to viruses and bacteria ...
  8. AD 1520–62
    ‘Virgin-soil’ epidemics devastate Native populations
    “Virgin-soil” epidemics sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious ...
  9. AD 1540
    The Zuni resist a conquistador but retreat from Spanish guns
    The Spanish conquistador Francisco Vasquez de Coronado seeks the “Seven Cities of Gold.” At Hawikuh, ...
  10. AD 1640
    Intertribal war forces Dakota peoples westward
    An intertribal war precipitates the migration of Dakota peoples from what is now known as northern Minnesota ...
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