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  1. Antiquity
    Origins
    Today, all tribes tell stories of their origins. There are as many creation stories as there are tribes, ...
  2. 40,000–10,000 BC
    Homelands
    Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ...
  3. 1775
    Smallpox strikes again in North America
    As the American Revolution begins, epidemic smallpox spreads across North America, killing hundreds ...
  4. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  5. 1872
    General Mining Act gives rise to the taking of tribal lands
    President Ulysses S. Grant signs the General Mining Act into law, allowing individuals and corporations ...
  6. 1887
    Indian Affairs Commissioner bans Native languages in schools
    Commissioner of Indian Affairs J. D. C. Atkins first bans instruction in Native languages as well as ...
  7. 1890
    Native population plunges
    In the U.S., Native population falls to an all-time low. The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people— ...
  8. 1897
    Indian boarding schools teach manual labor
    Commissioner of Indian Affairs William A. Jones questions the potential of Indian students to compete ...
  9. 1903
    Overcrowding, poor ventilation contribute to deaths in boarding schools
    Indian boarding schools are built hastily or adapted from existing barracks, and officials bring Native ...
  10. 1909
    Dollars allocated but promised health care remains distant
    Congress appropriates $12,000 for a national health program for Native Americans. The government organizes ...
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