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  1. 1787
    Congress can regulate trade with Indian tribes
    The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, permits Congress to make all laws ...
  2. 1803
    Congress orders medical care for Native peoples
    The federal government formally assigns the responsibility for providing medical care for Native peoples ...
  3. 1819
    Congress pays missionaries to ‘civilize’ American Indians
    Congress appropriates $10,000 to pay what it calls people of “good moral character” to help the U.S. eliminate ...
  4. 1823
    Supreme Court rules American Indians do not own land
    The first of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  5. 1824
    U.S. establishes Office of Indian Affairs in War Department
    Establishment of the Office of Indian Affairs within the War Department puts in place the bureaucracy ...
  6. 1831
    Supreme Court rules Indian nations not subject to state law
    The second of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  7. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  8. 1849
    Indian Affairs moves to Interior Department; U.S. approach to tribes shifts
    Signaling a change in approach toward Native peoples, the federal government moves the Office of Indian ...
  9. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  10. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
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