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  1. Antiquity
    Origins
    Today, all tribes tell stories of their origins. There are as many creation stories as there are tribes, ...
  2. 40,000–10,000 BC
    Homelands
    Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ...
  3. 10,000–8000 BC
    Early North American lifestyles
    Ancestors of American Indians hunt large mammals, catch fish, and gather fruits and nuts. Archaeological ...
  4. 8000 BC
    Glaciers retreat; climate changes; diets shift
    At the end of the Ice Age, many large mammals become extinct. Across the Americas, people shift away ...
  5. 9000 BC
    At Celilo, trade thrives as the salmon run
    Celilo, a village on what is now called the Columbia River, bustles during salmon runs. Each year, salmon ...
  6. 1846
    U.S and Britain set 49th Parallel as U.S.–Canada border
    The U.S. negotiates with Britain to end a Canadian border dispute. Tribes are not consulted as the 49th ...
  7. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  8. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  9. 1870
    Commercialization, destruction of traditional foods hurt tribes
    Tribes across the West suffer further land loss as settlers, miners, and ranchers move into their territories. ...
  10. 1870
    Education promised to tribes is funded
    Congress earmarks the first federal funds for the education of Indians. Education, like health care, ...
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