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1834 Mexico denies return of mission lands to Chumash In California, the Mexican government frees the Chumash, who had been enslaved by the Spanish in California ... |
1842–50s Russian-American Company compels medical treatment of Native women Russian traders have forced Alaska women into prostitution for decades. When syphilis spreads in New ... |
1846 U.S and Britain set 49th Parallel as U.S.–Canada border The U.S. negotiates with Britain to end a Canadian border dispute. Tribes are not consulted as the 49th ... |
1851 Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ... |
1859 Queen’s Hospital established to protect ‘Hawaiian race’ King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma are concerned about the decline of the Native Hawaiian population ... |
1860 California Native population plummets after Gold Rush Diseases brought by gold prospectors, along with the violence that miners commit against Native peoples, ... |
1864 The Navajos begin ‘Long Walk’ to imprisonment In a forced removal, the U.S. Army drives the Navajo at gunpoint as they walk from their homeland in ... |
1865 Civil War general Stand Watie, Cherokee, surrenders last The Cherokee chief Stand Watie is the last Confederate general to surrender in the Civil War. Watie’ ... |
1870 U.S. requires Alaska Commercial Company to hire Unangan (Aleut) The U.S. government awards the Alaska Commercial Company an exclusive lease to hunt fur seals on the ... |
1870 First Ghost Dance movement seeks revival of cultures The Ghost Dance is a Native spiritual movement of hope and renewal that originates with Wodziwob, a ... |