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  1. Antiquity
    Origins
    Today, all tribes tell stories of their origins. There are as many creation stories as there are tribes, ...
  2. 40,000–10,000 BC
    Homelands
    Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ...
  3. 10,000–8000 BC
    Early North American lifestyles
    Ancestors of American Indians hunt large mammals, catch fish, and gather fruits and nuts. Archaeological ...
  4. 8000 BC
    Glaciers retreat; climate changes; diets shift
    At the end of the Ice Age, many large mammals become extinct. Across the Americas, people shift away ...
  5. AD 700
    Chumash travel the Pacific coastline in plank canoes
    At Santa Barbara Bay, Chumash ancestors make plank tomols, or canoes, from the trunks of fallen redwood ...
  6. 3000 BC
    West Coast settlements rely on shellfish and acorns as staples
    People occupy large settlements most of the year in an area now known as Santa Barbara, California. ...
  7. 1846
    After the Mexican War, doctors reach western tribes
    The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War (1846–48) between the U.S. and Mexico. The agreement ...
  8. 1867
    Violent settlers speed demise of northern California tribe
    The Yana, a small tribe of about 1,900 living in the Sacramento River valley in northern California, ...
  9. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  10. 1851
    Roads and railroads move into the West
    The federal government pays to survey land for roads and railroads across the West. Easier access encourages ...
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