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  1. 1835
    Russian-American Company orders Native vaccinations
    To protect Russians from smallpox transmission from Native peoples, the Russian-American Company, which ...
  2. 1836–39
    Unangan (Aleut) population declines further
    Smallpox, measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough epidemics reduce the Unangan (Aleut) population, which ...
  3. 1842–50s
    Russian-American Company compels medical treatment of Native women
    Russian traders have forced Alaska women into prostitution for decades. When syphilis spreads in New ...
  4. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  5. 1848
    Commercial whaling destroys Yup‘ik, Inuit traditions
    After U.S. whalers kill a bowhead whale near Big Diomede Island, commercial whalers begin hunting in ...
  6. 1867
    Alaska becomes U.S. Territory; Alaska Natives not consulted
    The United States purchases Alaska from Russia on October 18. Alaska Natives, who lay claim to almost ...
  7. 1868
    U.S. treaty count with American Indian tribes reaches 367
    Between 1778 and 1868, the U.S. Senate ratifies 367 treaties with tribes; others are drafted but not ...
  8. 1870
    U.S. requires Alaska Commercial Company to hire Unangan (Aleut)
    The U.S. government awards the Alaska Commercial Company an exclusive lease to hunt fur seals on the ...
  9. 1872
    General Mining Act gives rise to the taking of tribal lands
    President Ulysses S. Grant signs the General Mining Act into law, allowing individuals and corporations ...
  10. 1880s
    Traders settle Arctic shore; disrupt Alaska Native lifeways
    Traders settle along the Arctic shore and hire Native whalers, transforming traditional trading and ...
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