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  1. AD 1493–1550s
    Native peoples begin dying from European diseases
    Diseases unknown to them spread rapidly among Native peoples, who lack immunity to viruses and bacteria ...
  2. AD 1520–62
    ‘Virgin-soil’ epidemics devastate Native populations
    “Virgin-soil” epidemics sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious ...
  3. 1761
    First known influenza pandemic from the Americas begins
    Influenza is one of the diseases that Europeans brought to the New World. Unlike previous influenza ...
  4. 1775
    Smallpox strikes again in North America
    As the American Revolution begins, epidemic smallpox spreads across North America, killing hundreds ...
  5. 1780
    Smallpox epidemics strike Mexico and the Great Plains
    For two years, smallpox spreads from Mexico north and throughout the Great Plains, killing many members ...
  6. 1832
    U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox
    Congress passes the Indian Vaccination Act and appropriates $12,000 to hire physicians to vaccinate Native ...
  7. 1833
    Whooping cough crosses the Great Plains
    Whooping cough spreads across the U.S., killing babies and children, for whom the infection is particularly ...
  8. 1836–40
    Smallpox, whooping cough strike the Great Plains
    A smallpox epidemic spreads through Native communities in the West, killing 10,000 people in the Northern ...
  9. 1837–38
    Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together
    A smallpox epidemic destroys the Numakiki (Mandan) Indians in North Dakota. Although they experienced ...
  10. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
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