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  1. 1835
    Russian-American Company orders Native vaccinations
    To protect Russians from smallpox transmission from Native peoples, the Russian-American Company, which ...
  2. 1836–39
    Unangan (Aleut) population declines further
    Smallpox, measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough epidemics reduce the Unangan (Aleut) population, which ...
  3. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  4. 1887
    Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death in Indian Country
    A U.S. study of tuberculosis deaths among Indians on reservations in 13 states finds that the rate of ...
  5. 1890
    Native population plunges
    In the U.S., Native population falls to an all-time low. The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people— ...
  6. 1898
    Boarding-school epidemics sicken students and kill many
    The superintendent of the Fort Hall Industrial Boarding School in Idaho, George Gregory, advises in ...
  7. 1898
    Milk served to Indian students to ward off tuberculosis
    The Office of Indian Affairs issues rules for food service at off-reservation boarding schools: “good, ...
  8. 1900
    Measles, the ‘Great Sickness,’ strikes Alaska Natives
    Measles, called “the Great Sickness,” reached parts of Alaska as much as 50 years earlier, but some Yup’ ...
  9. 1903
    Overcrowding, poor ventilation contribute to deaths in boarding schools
    Indian boarding schools are built hastily or adapted from existing barracks, and officials bring Native ...
  10. 1909
    Despite quarantine, TB spreads in student populations
    Faced with continuing high rates of tuberculosis among Native students in boarding schools, the Office ...
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