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  1. AD 1493
    The Pope asserts rights to colonize, convert, and enslave
    Pope Alexander VI issues a papal bull or decree, “Inter Caetera," in which he authorizes Spain and Portugal ...
  2. AD 1501
    Portuguese explorer kidnaps northeastern Native peoples
    Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real abducts two shiploads of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and other peoples ...
  3. AD 1513
    El Requierimento: Spain demands subservience
    The “Laws of Burgos” are the first legal code regarding Spanish actions in the Americas. They direct ...
  4. AD 1537
    Pope Paul III opposes enslaving Native peoples
    Pope Paul III issues a decree, “Sublimus Deus,” opposing the enslavement of indigenous peoples and calling ...
  5. AD 1540
    The Zuni resist a conquistador but retreat from Spanish guns
    The Spanish conquistador Francisco Vasquez de Coronado seeks the “Seven Cities of Gold.” At Hawikuh, ...
  6. AD 1598
    Spain enslaves Acoma women; mutilates Acoma men
    Spain punishes the the Pueblo of Acoma for resisting Spanish demands for food. Colonial governor Juan ...
  7. AD 1661
    Spain raids kivas; outlaws the pueblos’ beliefs
    The Spanish colonial governor of New Mexico and Catholic priests suppress the belief systems of the ...
  8. AD 1680
    The pueblos revolt in New Mexico
    Pueblo people revolt against their Spanish oppressors. The pueblos, led by the religious leader Popé ...
  9. 1819
    Congress pays missionaries to ‘civilize’ American Indians
    Congress appropriates $10,000 to pay what it calls people of “good moral character” to help the U.S. eliminate ...
  10. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
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