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  1. 1824
    U.S. establishes Office of Indian Affairs in War Department
    Establishment of the Office of Indian Affairs within the War Department puts in place the bureaucracy ...
  2. 1823
    Supreme Court rules American Indians do not own land
    The first of three court cases (the “Marshall Trilogy”) that become the foundation of American Indian ...
  3. 1819
    Congress pays missionaries to ‘civilize’ American Indians
    Congress appropriates $10,000 to pay what it calls people of “good moral character” to help the U.S. eliminate ...
  4. 1817
    U.S. frontier advances, pushing Native peoples westward
    All along its western border, the U.S. presses for more land to accommodate the expanding nation. To ...
  5. 1813
    Tecumseh’s vision of unity dies; U.S. invades northwest tribal lands
    While the British colonel Henry Proctor and his troops, including some American Indians, retreat into ...
  6. 1812
    War of 1812 breaks Tecumseh’s resistance
    Tecumseh and his followers ally with the British as the War of 1812 (1812–15) begins. Tecumseh negotiates ...
  7. 1812
    Cherokee and Choctow hope for long-term U.S. alliance
    As the U.S. and Britain fight the War of 1812 on fronts from Mexico to Canada, tribes seek strategic ...
  8. 1811
    Tecumseh’s War begins at Tippecanoe in Indiana
    As tensions rise in Indian Territory, which now includes Indiana and Ohio, the U.S. decides to launch ...
  9. 1809
    Treaty of Fort Wayne takes 3 million acres from Native peoples
    William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, ...
  10. 1805
    Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh call for unity among tribes
    With the Shawnee under siege, fragmented, and dispersed, Lalawithika has a spiritual revelation that ...
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