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  1. 1848
    Commercial whaling destroys Yup‘ik, Inuit traditions
    After U.S. whalers kill a bowhead whale near Big Diomede Island, commercial whalers begin hunting in ...
  2. 1870
    U.S. requires Alaska Commercial Company to hire Unangan (Aleut)
    The U.S. government awards the Alaska Commercial Company an exclusive lease to hunt fur seals on the ...
  3. 1872
    General Mining Act gives rise to the taking of tribal lands
    President Ulysses S. Grant signs the General Mining Act into law, allowing individuals and corporations ...
  4. 1898
    Canneries deplete salmon catch for Alaska Natives
    Along Alaska’s coastline, 55 canneries are in operation. Most refuse to employ Alaska Natives, instead ...
  5. 1880s
    Traders settle Arctic shore; disrupt Alaska Native lifeways
    Traders settle along the Arctic shore and hire Native whalers, transforming traditional trading and ...
  6. 1886
    Lawman brings reindeer to Yup’ik
    Yup’ik oral history describes a “great die out” of seals, bowhead whales, and caribou. The famine it ...
  7. 1890
    Native population plunges
    In the U.S., Native population falls to an all-time low. The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people— ...
  8. 1906
    Allotments take land from Alaska Native villages
    In the Alaska Native Allotment Act, the U.S. Congress establishes strict regulations about which Alaska ...
  9. 1912
    Volcano erupts; destroys Alaska Native village
    At the head of the Alaska Peninsula in southwestern Alaska, the volcano Novarupta erupts, destroying ...