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  1. 1831
    The Removal Act affects Choctaw first
    The Removal Act that President Andrew Jackson pressed through Congress becomes a reality as the Choctaw ...
  2. 1832
    Some Seminoles, Creeks evade U.S. forced relocation
    When the U.S., enforcing the Removal Act, coerces many Seminoles to march to Indian Territory (which ...
  3. 1833
    Flood destroys Choctaw farms; endangers tribe
    In June, the Arkansas River floods its banks and washes away the first-year farms started by Choctaws ...
  4. 1834
    Muscogee Creek are forced out of Alabama
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the remaining 20,000 Muscogee Creek from Alabama to Indian ...
  5. 1837
    Chickasaw are removed to Indian Territory
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the Chickasaw from Mississippi, Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee, ...
  6. 1838
    Cherokee die on Trail of Tears
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes approximately 17,000 Cherokee to Indian Territory (which ...
  7. 1846
    U.S and Britain set 49th Parallel as U.S.–Canada border
    The U.S. negotiates with Britain to end a Canadian border dispute. Tribes are not consulted as the 49th ...
  8. 1846
    After the Mexican War, doctors reach western tribes
    The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War (1846–48) between the U.S. and Mexico. The agreement ...
  9. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  10. 1851
    Roads and railroads move into the West
    The federal government pays to survey land for roads and railroads across the West. Easier access encourages ...
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