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  1. 1812
    Cherokee and Choctow hope for long-term U.S. alliance
    As the U.S. and Britain fight the War of 1812 on fronts from Mexico to Canada, tribes seek strategic ...
  2. 1817
    U.S. frontier advances, pushing Native peoples westward
    All along its western border, the U.S. presses for more land to accommodate the expanding nation. To ...
  3. 1831
    The Removal Act affects Choctaw first
    The Removal Act that President Andrew Jackson pressed through Congress becomes a reality as the Choctaw ...
  4. 1832
    Some Seminoles, Creeks evade U.S. forced relocation
    When the U.S., enforcing the Removal Act, coerces many Seminoles to march to Indian Territory (which ...
  5. 1834
    Muscogee Creek are forced out of Alabama
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the remaining 20,000 Muscogee Creek from Alabama to Indian ...
  6. 1837
    Chickasaw are removed to Indian Territory
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes the Chickasaw from Mississippi, Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee, ...
  7. 1838
    Cherokee die on Trail of Tears
    The U.S. Department of War forcibly removes approximately 17,000 Cherokee to Indian Territory (which ...
  8. 1851
    Congress creates reservations to manage Native peoples
    The U.S. Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the reservation system. The government ...
  9. 1861–65
    Tribes react to the American Civil War
    Although most Indian tribes remain neutral in the conflict, some American Indians join Union or Confederate ...
  10. 1870
    Education promised to tribes is funded
    Congress earmarks the first federal funds for the education of Indians. Education, like health care, ...
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