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  1. 1835
    Russian-American Company orders Native vaccinations
    To protect Russians from smallpox transmission from Native peoples, the Russian-American Company, which ...
  2. 1836–39
    Unangan (Aleut) population declines further
    Smallpox, measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough epidemics reduce the Unangan (Aleut) population, which ...
  3. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  4. 1890
    Native population plunges
    In the U.S., Native population falls to an all-time low. The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people— ...
  5. 1900
    Measles, the ‘Great Sickness,’ strikes Alaska Natives
    Measles, called “the Great Sickness,” reached parts of Alaska as much as 50 years earlier, but some Yup’ ...
  6. 1903
    Overcrowding, poor ventilation contribute to deaths in boarding schools
    Indian boarding schools are built hastily or adapted from existing barracks, and officials bring Native ...
  7. 1909
    Despite quarantine, TB spreads in student populations
    Faced with continuing high rates of tuberculosis among Native students in boarding schools, the Office ...
  8. 1912
    Trachoma poses blindness risk in the West
    A U.S. Public Health Service study finds that 22.7 percent of Native Americans, roughly 72,000 people, ...
  9. 1914
    Tuberculosis quarantine advised on reservations
    Office of Indian Affairs physicians urge Indian agents on reservations to quarantine Native persons ...
  10. 1918–19
    ‘Spanish Influenza’ claims millions of lives
    American Indians and Alaska Natives are among the tens of millions who die in the Spanish Influenza ...
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