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  1. 1835
    Russian-American Company orders Native vaccinations
    To protect Russians from smallpox transmission from Native peoples, the Russian-American Company, which ...
  2. 1842–50s
    Russian-American Company compels medical treatment of Native women
    Russian traders have forced Alaska women into prostitution for decades. When syphilis spreads in New ...
  3. 1848
    Successive epidemics spread across U.S., Alaska, Hawai‘i
    In September, a series of deadly epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, and influenza, sweeps ...
  4. 1867
    Alaska becomes U.S. Territory; Alaska Natives not consulted
    The United States purchases Alaska from Russia on October 18. Alaska Natives, who lay claim to almost ...
  5. 1872
    General Mining Act gives rise to the taking of tribal lands
    President Ulysses S. Grant signs the General Mining Act into law, allowing individuals and corporations ...
  6. 1898
    Canneries deplete salmon catch for Alaska Natives
    Along Alaska’s coastline, 55 canneries are in operation. Most refuse to employ Alaska Natives, instead ...
  7. 1884
    After Navy abuses, the U.S. establishes a government in Alaska
    After the U.S. Navy, occupying the territory of Alaska, shells, loots, and burns three unarmed Tlingit ...
  8. 1885
    Alaska regions assigned to religious denominations
    Dr. Sheldon Jackson, the head of the Presbyterian Mission in Alaska, is appointed U.S. General Agent ...
  9. 1887
    Indian Affairs Commissioner bans Native languages in schools
    Commissioner of Indian Affairs J. D. C. Atkins first bans instruction in Native languages as well as ...
  10. 1890
    Native population plunges
    In the U.S., Native population falls to an all-time low. The 1890 census records 237,196 Native people— ...
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