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  1. Antiquity
    Origins
    Today, all tribes tell stories of their origins. There are as many creation stories as there are tribes, ...
  2. 40,000–10,000 BC
    Homelands
    Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ...
  3. 10,000–8000 BC
    Early North American lifestyles
    Ancestors of American Indians hunt large mammals, catch fish, and gather fruits and nuts. Archaeological ...
  4. 8000 BC
    Glaciers retreat; climate changes; diets shift
    At the end of the Ice Age, many large mammals become extinct. Across the Americas, people shift away ...
  5. 3000 BC
    Southwestern peoples plant corn, beans, squash; population grows
    Ancestors of the Mogollón, Hohokam, and Puebloan peoples begin horticulture in the lands now known as ...
  6. AD 1493–1550s
    Native peoples begin dying from European diseases
    Diseases unknown to them spread rapidly among Native peoples, who lack immunity to viruses and bacteria ...
  7. AD 1493
    The Pope asserts rights to colonize, convert, and enslave
    Pope Alexander VI issues a papal bull or decree, “Inter Caetera," in which he authorizes Spain and Portugal ...
  8. AD 1501
    Portuguese explorer kidnaps northeastern Native peoples
    Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real abducts two shiploads of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and other peoples ...
  9. AD 1513
    El Requierimento: Spain demands subservience
    The “Laws of Burgos” are the first legal code regarding Spanish actions in the Americas. They direct ...
  10. AD 1520–62
    ‘Virgin-soil’ epidemics devastate Native populations
    “Virgin-soil” epidemics sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious ...
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